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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektrostatik</span></h1>
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<p>Die <b>Elektrostatik</b> ist das Teilgebiet der <a href="Physik" title="Physik">Physik</a>, das sich mit <i>ruhenden</i> <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrischen Ladungen</a>, <a href="Ladungsverteilung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladungsverteilung">Ladungsverteilungen</a> und den <a href="Elektrisches_Feld" title="Elektrisches Feld">elektrischen Feldern</a> geladener Körper befasst.
</p><p>Die Phänomene der Elektrostatik rühren von den <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kräften</a> her, die elektrische Ladungen aufeinander ausüben. Diese Kräfte werden vom <a href="Coulombsches_Gesetz" title="Coulombsches Gesetz">coulombschen Gesetz</a> beschrieben. Ein klassisches Beispiel ist, dass geriebener <a href="Bernstein" title="Bernstein">Bernstein</a> Teilchen anzieht (siehe <a href="#Geschichte">Geschichte</a>). Auch wenn die Kräfte klein erscheinen, ist die elektrische Kraft z. B. im Vergleich zur <a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Gravitation</a> außerordentlich stark. So ist die elektrische Kraft zwischen einem <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektron</a> und einem <a href="Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a> (beide bilden zusammen ein <a href="Wasserstoffatom" title="Wasserstoffatom">Wasserstoffatom</a>) um ungefähr 39 <a href="Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fenordnung#Dezimale_Größenordnung" title="Größenordnung">Größenordnungen</a> größer als ihre gegenseitige <a href="Gravitation" title="Gravitation">Massenanziehung</a>.
</p><p>Die Elektrostatik ist Teilgebiet der klassischen <a href="Elektrodynamik" title="Elektrodynamik">Elektrodynamik</a> und behandelt den Spezialfall von unbewegten elektrische Ladungen und stationären, d. h. zeitlich gleichbleibenden elektrischen Feldern. Die Elektrostatik findet ihr <a href="Analogie_(Philosophie)" title="Analogie (Philosophie)">Analogon</a> in der <a href="Magnetostatik" title="Magnetostatik">Magnetostatik</a>, die sich mit stationären <a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">Magnetfeldern</a> befasst, wie sie beispielsweise von zeitlich gleichbleibenden <a href="Elektrischer_Strom" title="Elektrischer Strom">elektrischen Strömen</a> erzeugt werden.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2></div>
<p>Schon im <a href="Altertum" title="Altertum">Altertum</a> war bekannt, dass bestimmte Materialien wie beispielsweise Bernstein nach dem Reiben an einem Tuch oder Fell kleine leichte Teilchen anziehen (siehe <a href="Reibungselektrizit%C3%A4t" title="Reibungselektrizität">Reibungselektrizität</a>). <a href="William_Gilbert" title="William Gilbert">William Gilbert</a> setzte die Arbeiten von <a href="Petrus_Peregrinus_de_Maricourt" title="Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt">Petrus Peregrinus</a> aus dem 13. Jahrhundert fort und fand heraus, dass auch andere Stoffe durch Reibung elektrisiert werden können und entwickelte das <a href="Versorium" title="Versorium">Versorium</a>, eine frühe Bauform eines <a href="Elektroskop" title="Elektroskop">Elektroskops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonyi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonyi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Er führte in seinem 1600 erschienenen Buch <i><span lang="la">De Magnete, Magnetisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure</span></i> (deutsch etwa: <i>Über den Magneten, Magnetische Körper und den großen Magneten Erde</i>) den dem <a href="Neulateinische_Literatur" title="Neulateinische Literatur">Neulateinischen</a> entlehnten Begriff „electrica“ für die Erscheinungen ein, die er im Zusammenhang mit dem Bernstein entdeckte, „elektron“ stammt vom griechischen Wort für <a href="Bernstein" title="Bernstein">Bernstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Übersicht"><span id=".C3.9Cbersicht"></span>Übersicht</h2></div>
<p>Die von einer gegebenen Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> auf ein Objekt ausgeübte Kraft ist <a href="Proportionalit%C3%A4t" title="Proportionalität">proportional</a> zur Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span> des Objektes. Sie lässt sich also durch die Gleichung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {E}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {E}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/148b521bca32afcaabb4ea2b241ad3832f0d3013.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.715ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}=q{\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beschreiben. Hier ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Feldst%C3%A4rke" title="Feldstärke">Feldstärke</a> des die Ladung <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span></i> begleitenden elektrischen Feldes.
</p><p>Von einem äußeren elektrischen Feld werden in <a href="Leiter_(Physik)" title="Leiter (Physik)">elektrischen Leitern</a> und <a href="Isolator_(Elektrotechnik)" title="Isolator (Elektrotechnik)">Isolatoren</a> unterschiedliche Effekte hervorgerufen. Die freien elektrischen Ladungen in Leitern, z. B. die <a href="Leitungsband" title="Leitungsband">Leitungselektronen</a> der Metalle, verschieben sich makroskopisch solcherart, dass das elektrische Feld im gesamten Inneren des Leiters verschwindet (siehe <a href="Faradayscher_K%C3%A4fig" title="Faradayscher Käfig">faradayscher Käfig</a>). Dieses Phänomen wird <a href="Influenz" title="Influenz">Influenz</a> genannt. Andererseits reagieren die lokal gebundenen Ladungen in einem Isolator, also die <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> und <a href="Atomkern" title="Atomkern">Kerne</a> der Atome, durch eine gegenseitige Verschiebung, wodurch der Isolator <a href="Polarisation_(Elektrizit%C3%A4t)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarisation (Elektrizität)">polarisiert</a> wird.
</p><p>Das von einem elektrostatischen Feld <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> auf eine <a href="Probeladung" class="mw-redirect" title="Probeladung">Probeladung</a> <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
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<mi>q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span></i> wirkende Kraftfeld <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef40edff397a115ecdce7d3518001dfcc7f37d9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.771ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {F}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> ist <a href="Konservative_Kraft" title="Konservative Kraft">konservativ</a>, das heißt, dass die <a href="Potentielle_Energie" title="Potentielle Energie">potentielle Energie</a> <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span></i> der Probeladung im elektrostatischen Feld nur abhängig ist von der Position <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> der Probeladung, nicht aber vom Weg, auf dem die Probeladung nach <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> bewegt wurde. Das bedeutet auch, dass sich das elektrostatische Feld als <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradient</a> eines <a href="#Potential_und_Spannung">elektrischen Potentials</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> darstellen lässt. Die potentielle Energie einer Probeladung im Potential ist also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W=q\phi }">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba7cf374cd1d43d3837ec17e1c27c87bf0317530.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.989ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W=q\phi }" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Differenz zweier elektrischer Potentiale entspricht der <a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">elektrischen Spannung</a>. Das Verschwinden des elektrischen Feldes, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {0}}}">
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</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91c97c493b9c298efbb90b79249b5bf569fab3bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.037ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist gleichbedeutend mit räumlich konstantem elektrischen Potential <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> = konst.
</p><p>Das Feld und damit auch das Potential einer beliebigen Ladungsverteilung in einem homogenen Isolator lässt sich leicht anhand der aus dem coulombschen Gesetz abgeleiteten Gesetzmäßigkeiten berechnen. Das Feld in einem Leiter verschwindet. Eine solche Berechnung ist bei räumlichen Anordnungen von Leitern, Nichtleitern und Ladungen nur in wenigen Fällen einfach.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Das_elektrische_Feld">Das elektrische Feld</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Elektrisches_Feld" title="Elektrisches Feld">Elektrisches Feld</a></i></div>
<p>Für den elektrostatischen Spezialfall <a href="Magnetostatik" title="Magnetostatik">stationärer magnetischer Felder</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {B}}}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>B</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {B}}}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30016158ad19798e33c9f1d7772da3bbc4e305d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.025ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {B}}}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) und verschwindender <a href="Elektrischer_Strom" title="Elektrischer Strom">elektrischer Ströme</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\jmath }}={\vec {0}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ȷ<!-- ȷ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\jmath }}={\vec {0}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5c67419348f4d677daebcbaa70e15493140ac0f5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.355ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\jmath }}={\vec {0}}}" loading="lazy"></span>) folgt aus dem coulombschen Gesetz und der Definition des elektrischen Feldes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {F}}/q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {F}}/q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/423ed66b45b4c7422cd7a18a9d833ad36b84f54c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.877ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}={\vec {F}}/q}" loading="lazy"></span> für das von einer Punktladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bb1ae492b54b8ad91c566eb2125bb5ee5c53ce6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.014ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}'}" loading="lazy"></span> erregte elektrische Feld <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2bc18ae485a72f148e85ccbeff2b3dcdd4f5f3f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msup>
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<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/63d4d1d96b9c0836e87baa6bfbc79e5f55440019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:20.431ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das elektrische Feld ist ein gerichtetes <a href="Vektorfeld" title="Vektorfeld">Vektorfeld</a>. Für eine <i>positive</i> Ladung ist es genau von der Ladung weg, für eine <i>negative</i> Ladung zur Ladung hin gerichtet, was gleichbedeutend ist mit der Abstoßung gleichnamiger und der Anziehung entgegengesetzter Ladungen. Seine Stärke ist proportional zur Stärke der Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> und umgekehrt proportional zum Quadrat des Abstands von <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span></i>. Der Proportionalitätsfaktor <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}" loading="lazy"></span></i> (siehe <a href="Permittivit%C3%A4t" title="Permittivität">Dielektrizitätskonstante</a>) ist die <i><a href="Coulomb-Konstante" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb-Konstante">Coulomb-Konstante</a></i>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=1/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})\approx 9\cdot 10^{9}\,\mathrm {Nm^{2}/C^{2}} \quad }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>9</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mn>10</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>9</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=1/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})\approx 9\cdot 10^{9}\,\mathrm {Nm^{2}/C^{2}} \quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b44ae1de3f2aa696e6a1a95176ab35667abfa26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.733ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=1/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0})\approx 9\cdot 10^{9}\,\mathrm {Nm^{2}/C^{2}} \quad }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Internationales_Einheitensystem" title="Internationales Einheitensystem">SI-Einheitensystem</a> und</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=1\quad }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=1\quad }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6a73b56e89ee2c79df91b088d9f1aed234aef021.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.795ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=1\quad }" loading="lazy"></span> im <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsches_Einheitensystem" title="Gaußsches Einheitensystem">gaußschen Einheitensystem</a>.</dd></dl>
<p>Das Maß der elektrischen <a href="Elektrische_Feldst%C3%A4rke" title="Elektrische Feldstärke">Feldstärke</a> in SI-Einheiten ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [E]_{\mathrm {SI} }={\frac {\mathrm {V} }{\mathrm {m} }}={\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {C} }}={\frac {\mathrm {kg} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{\mathrm {s} ^{3}\cdot \mathrm {A} }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [E]_{\mathrm {SI} }={\frac {\mathrm {V} }{\mathrm {m} }}={\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {C} }}={\frac {\mathrm {kg} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{\mathrm {s} ^{3}\cdot \mathrm {A} }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c14c5459a6a27fac93d3ba3a703df5add0a9177f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:26.297ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [E]_{\mathrm {SI} }={\frac {\mathrm {V} }{\mathrm {m} }}={\frac {\mathrm {N} }{\mathrm {C} }}={\frac {\mathrm {kg} \cdot \mathrm {m} }{\mathrm {s} ^{3}\cdot \mathrm {A} }}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das von einer Menge an Ladungen <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b9f7193081d440425e522698e80817b5d558df03.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.638ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span></i> erregte Feld ist die Summe der Teilbeiträge (<a href="Superposition_(Physik)" title="Superposition (Physik)">Superpositionsprinzip</a>)
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\sum _{i}{Q_{i}{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}\right|^{3}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\sum _{i}{Q_{i}{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}\right|^{3}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ea33dc9a5a357eb5dea2e909fc60d9350fcd7234.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:25.475ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\sum _{i}{Q_{i}{\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}_{i}\right|^{3}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Oder im Fall einer kontinuierlichen Raumladungsverteilung <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1f7d439671d1289b6a816e6af7a304be40608d64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.202ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho }" loading="lazy"></span></i> das <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\int {\rho ({\vec {x}}'){\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\int {\rho ({\vec {x}}'){\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3e80f36c7649fab155bb5b1716e84ad63953e271.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.671ex; width:30.948ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}({\vec {x}})=k\int {\rho ({\vec {x}}'){\frac {{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}'\right|^{3}}}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das <a href="Gau%C3%9Fsches_Gesetz" title="Gaußsches Gesetz">gaußsche Gesetz</a> beschreibt, dass der <a href="Fluss_(Physik)" title="Fluss (Physik)">Fluss</a> des elektrischen Feldes durch eine geschlossene Oberfläche <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span></i> proportional zur Stärke der von der Oberfläche umschlossenen Ladung <i><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span></i> ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}\sim Q=\int \rho \,\mathrm {d} V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}\sim Q=\int \rho \,\mathrm {d} V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b2128a3d9f1d381044851c1ad7e3b22aba4c4e0f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:24.356ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}\sim Q=\int \rho \,\mathrm {d} V}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der <a href="Gau%C3%9Fscher_Integralsatz" title="Gaußscher Integralsatz">gaußsche Integralsatz</a> verknüpft Fluss und <a href="Divergenz_eines_Vektorfeldes" title="Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes">Divergenz eines Vektorfeldes</a>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}=\int {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\,\mathrm {d} V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}=\int {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\,\mathrm {d} V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef17d32f1035529cda7ec5f6733dae1362fdffa7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:23.608ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {A}}=\int {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\,\mathrm {d} V}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>woraus folgt, dass die Divergenz des elektrischen Feldes proportional zur Raumladungsdichte ist:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\sim \rho }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\sim \rho }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4cc544c3608ab6331008e40b6b57689641fc1e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.691ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}\sim \rho }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein konservatives elektrisches Feld kann durch den Gradienten eines skalaren elektrischen Potentials <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72b1f30316670aee6270a28334bdf4f5072cdde4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.385ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben werden
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc41a75a4a599047a5aea2cf51af49bee89347c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.004ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\phi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Woraus die <a href="Poisson-Gleichung" title="Poisson-Gleichung">Poisson-Gleichung</a> folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rho \sim {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )=-\Delta \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho \sim {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )=-\Delta \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bf9d7b590b95fb12f17b8fde33d6d53aeee1349.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:31.571ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho \sim {\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\cdot ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )=-\Delta \phi }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elektrostatische_Approximation">Elektrostatische Approximation</h2></div>
<p>Die Gültigkeit der elektrostatischen Approximation beruht auf der Annahme von rotationsfreien elektrischen Feldern
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\times ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )\equiv {\vec {0}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
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<mo>=</mo>
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<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\times ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )\equiv {\vec {0}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/845ad9fc8e60c1f0254dc009d896693fd9c161c9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.273ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\nabla }}\times {\vec {E}}=-{\vec {\nabla }}\times ({\vec {\nabla }}\phi )\equiv {\vec {0}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Betrachtet man das Faraday'sches Induktionsgesetz unter oberer Annahme, so folgt hieraus, dass das zeitlich veränderliche Magnetfeld verschwindet
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow {\partial {\vec {B}} \over \partial t}={\vec {0}}.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rightarrow {\partial {\vec {B}} \over \partial t}={\vec {0}}.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcce98bbb2231f18fab45718cbcefced4b858670.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.795ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow {\partial {\vec {B}} \over \partial t}={\vec {0}}.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mit anderen Worten ausgedrückt: Die Elektrostatik macht keine Annahme darüber, ob <i>zeitlich konstante</i> Magnetfelder existieren oder nicht. Weiterhin schließt die Approximation die Anwesenheit zeitlich veränderlicher elektrischer Felder sowie elektrische Ströme nicht aus. Wenn magnetische Felder oder elektrische Ströme <i>existieren</i>, so dürfen sich diese nicht oder schlimmstenfalls nur <i>sehr langsam</i> mit der Zeit verändern. Elektrostatik sowie Magnetostatik können beide auch als <i>Galileischer Grenzfall</i> für den Elektromagnetismus betrachtet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_und_Spannung">Potential und Spannung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Elektrisches_Potential" title="Elektrisches Potential">Elektrisches Potential</a></i></div><div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">Elektrische Spannung</a></i></div>
<p>Die Potentialdifferenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U=\Delta \phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U=\Delta \phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c30655f62ac5cb25b03dc3653c3ac46f508cd29.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.202ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U=\Delta \phi }" loading="lazy"></span> zwischen zwei Punkten bezeichnet man als <a href="Elektrische_Spannung" title="Elektrische Spannung">elektrische Spannung</a>. Das Produkt aus der Ladung eines Teilchens und der Spannung zwischen zwei Punkten ergibt die Energie, die man benötigt, um das Teilchen von einem Punkt zum anderen zu bringen. Die Einheit des elektrischen Potentials und der elektrischen Spannung ist <a href="Volt" title="Volt">Volt</a>. Gemäß der Definition von Potential und Spannung gilt Volt = <a href="Joule" title="Joule">Joule</a>/<a href="Coulomb" title="Coulomb">Coulomb</a>.
</p><p>Das Potential berechnet sich wie folgt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi =-\int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
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<mover>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi =-\int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/601667d66fc4121ede1a6e7ec96f3eaf5271e1ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.23ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi =-\int {\vec {E}}\cdot \mathrm {d} {\vec {s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die Integrationsgrenzen ergeben sich aus der Wahl des <a href="Nullniveau_(Physik)" title="Nullniveau (Physik)">Nullniveaus</a>. Oft wird dies willkürlich in unendlicher Entfernung festgelegt. Eine Punktladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>, die sich am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\,'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\,'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6b1f5c3a41af55968bf5f332c82d4ea5b144e4b6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.401ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}\,'}" loading="lazy"></span> befindet, verursacht am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> das Potential:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {1}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</mrow>
<msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
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<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {1}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/844376e23bc2c7b7f34de4e66cbd89ba9562cf68.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.374ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=kQ{\frac {1}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Im Fall einer kontinuierlichen Raumladungsverteilung ist das elektrische Potential durch das folgende <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Integral</a> gegeben:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=k\int {\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}}\,')}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>ρ<!-- ρ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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<msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>x</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
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</mrow>
<msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
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<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
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</msup>
<msup>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=k\int {\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}}\,')}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8e89f6fd62276453d65cdafad48f12df589a37a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:24.865ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi ({\vec {x}})=k\int {\frac {\rho ({\vec {x}}\,')}{\left|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'\right|}}\mathrm {d} ^{3}x'}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ist es nicht möglich, eine analytische Lösung des Integrals zu finden, so kann man <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1/|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1/|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a1efb25864d1f1445170da31185854261581fbdf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.19ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1/|{\vec {x}}-{\vec {x}}\,'|}" loading="lazy"></span> in eine Potenzreihe entwickeln, <i>siehe</i> <a href="Multipolentwicklung" title="Multipolentwicklung">Multipolentwicklung</a> oder bei <a href="Legendre-Polynom#Erzeugende_Funktion" title="Legendre-Polynom">Legendre-Polynom</a>.
</p><p>Das Konzept der Spannung stößt an seine Grenzen, wenn dynamische Vorgänge auftreten. Für veränderliche Magnetfelder lässt sich zwar noch eine Induktionsspannung definieren, jedoch ist diese nicht mehr über eine Potentialdifferenz definierbar. Auch ist die für eine Bewegung der Ladung von einem Punkt zum anderen benötigte Energie nur so lange gleich der Potentialdifferenz zwischen den Punkten, wie die Beschleunigung vernachlässigbar klein ist, da nach der Elektrodynamik beschleunigte Ladungen <a href="Elektromagnetische_Welle" title="Elektromagnetische Welle">elektromagnetische Wellen</a> aussenden, die ebenfalls in der Energiebilanz berücksichtigt werden müssen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energie_des_elektrischen_Feldes">Energie des elektrischen Feldes</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→ </span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Elektrische_Energie" title="Elektrische Energie">Elektrische Energie</a></i></div><p>In einem <a href="Kondensator_(Elektrotechnik)" title="Kondensator (Elektrotechnik)">Plattenkondensator</a> besteht ein näherungsweise homogenes Feld. Ist die Ladung der einen Platte <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
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<mi>Q</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span> und die der anderen Platte entsprechend <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3ff459062914e488a99e0f453ee6fe6b1315a34d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.646ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -Q}" loading="lazy"></span>, und beträgt die Größe einer Plattenfläche <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>A</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ergibt sich das elektrische Feld <a href="Vektor#Länge/Betrag_eines_Vektors" title="Vektor">betragsmäßig</a> zu
</p><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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<mi>A</mi>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7da5a650172e2158644e9ed78fbd5353f0b6eeed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.591ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E={\frac {Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/acb0a8377db20e42274444cb181d51b5532b5844.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.138ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Elektrische_Feldkonstante" title="Elektrische Feldkonstante">elektrische Feldkonstante</a> ist.</dd></dl>
<p>Ist der konstante Plattenabstand <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}" loading="lazy"></span>, und bringt man eine <a href="Infinitesimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinitesimal">infinitesimal</a> kleine Ladung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aba942d26ee837fbee5ad2a635c34446afedd739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.131ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}" loading="lazy"></span> von der einen auf die andere Platte, so muss gegen das elektrische Feld die infinitesimale Arbeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/13013d9267b5797a073fa53a404f27af9cd756d6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.728ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W}" loading="lazy"></span> mit dem Betrag
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\mathrm {d} F\cdot d=E\cdot \mathrm {d} Q\cdot d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\mathrm {d} F\cdot d=E\cdot \mathrm {d} Q\cdot d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4604707bd0d535a040fdf95afd225e6c7765e4ea.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:25.334ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\mathrm {d} F\cdot d=E\cdot \mathrm {d} Q\cdot d}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>verrichtet werden. Der <a href="Energieerhaltungssatz" title="Energieerhaltungssatz">Energieerhaltung</a> wegen muss diese Arbeit zu einer Erhöhung der Energie des Kondensators führen. Diese kann aber nur im elektrischen Feld stecken. Durch den Ladungsübertrag erhöht sich die Feldstärke um betragsmäßige
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c962273a6c87974eae22846baaa1e0c9f9eba993.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.884ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} E={\frac {\mathrm {d} Q}{\varepsilon _{0}A}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Auflösen nach <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aba942d26ee837fbee5ad2a635c34446afedd739.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.131ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} Q}" loading="lazy"></span> und Einsetzen in die Arbeit ergibt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\varepsilon _{0}\cdot A\cdot d\cdot E\cdot \mathrm {d} E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\varepsilon _{0}\cdot A\cdot d\cdot E\cdot \mathrm {d} E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9f6962dd24031eab2d28f91356179d8bf8e57420.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.483ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} W=\varepsilon _{0}\cdot A\cdot d\cdot E\cdot \mathrm {d} E}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Nun ist aber <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V=A\cdot d}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V=A\cdot d}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/61740b5641a0e055f52349778fedba4c86197358.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.524ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V=A\cdot d}" loading="lazy"></span> gerade das Volumen des Plattenkondensators, in dem sich das komplette elektrische Feld befindet (im idealen Plattenkondensator lässt sich zeigen, dass das elektrische Feld außerhalb des Plattenkondensators verschwindet, d. h. dort ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26b9ec424bcc94d232be40bb53ebac3b8d5e9059.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.037ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=0}" loading="lazy"></span>). <a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">Aufintegrieren</a> und Teilen durch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt die <a href="Energiedichte" title="Energiedichte">Energiedichte</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\text{el}}={\frac {W}{V}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {C\cdot U^{2}}{A\cdot d}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,\varepsilon _{0}E^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}DE}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ϱ<!-- ϱ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>el</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>W</mi>
<mi>V</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
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<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>C</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>d</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
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</msub>
<msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varrho _{\text{el}}={\frac {W}{V}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {C\cdot U^{2}}{A\cdot d}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,\varepsilon _{0}E^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}DE}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1d8cc68dbd07db0b0f06ba8a90415f3a9356d957.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:42.212ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varrho _{\text{el}}={\frac {W}{V}}={\frac {1}{2}}\cdot {\frac {C\cdot U^{2}}{A\cdot d}}={\frac {1}{2}}\,\varepsilon _{0}E^{2}={\frac {1}{2}}DE}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Dielektrische_Verschiebung" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielektrische Verschiebung">dielektrische Verschiebung</a> ist.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen,_Erzeugung,_Anwendungen_statischer_Ladungen"><span id="Vorkommen.2C_Erzeugung.2C_Anwendungen_statischer_Ladungen"></span>Vorkommen, Erzeugung, Anwendungen statischer Ladungen</h2></div>
<p>Vorkommen in der Natur und im Alltag:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Gewitter" title="Gewitter">Gewitterwolken</a></li>
<li><a href="Elektrostatisches_Feld_der_Erde" title="Elektrostatisches Feld der Erde">Elektrostatisches Feld der Erde</a></li>
<li><a href="Elektrostatische_Entladung" title="Elektrostatische Entladung">Elektrostatische Entladung</a>, z. B. nach dem Aufladen durch Laufen über Teppichböden, Benutzen von Kunststoff-Geländern, Sitzen auf Sesseln mit <a href="Kunstfaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunstfaser">Kunstfaser</a>-Bezug, Kämmen mit Plastik-Kamm, Ausziehen eines Kunstfaser-Pullovers</li></ul>
<p>Erzeugung hoher Spannungen durch Transport statischer Ladungen (in Forschung, Lehre, Industrie):
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Elektrisiermaschine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrisiermaschine">Elektrisiermaschine</a></li>
<li><a href="Van-de-Graaff-Generator" title="Van-de-Graaff-Generator">Bandgenerator</a></li>
<li><a href="Influenzmaschine" title="Influenzmaschine">Influenzmaschine</a></li></ul>
<p>Anwendungen:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Elektrofilter" title="Elektrofilter">Elektrofilter</a></li>
<li>elektrostatisch unterstütztes <a href="Spritzlackieren" title="Spritzlackieren">Spritzlackieren</a></li>
<li>Fixierung von Papierblättern auf Flachbett<a href="Plotter" title="Plotter">plottern</a> und <a href="Messschreiber#X-Y-Schreiber" title="Messschreiber">X-Y-Schreibern</a></li>
<li><a href="Pulverbeschichten" title="Pulverbeschichten">Pulverbeschichten</a></li>
<li><a href="Xerographie" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerographie">Xerographie</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Elektrischer_Wind" title="Elektrischer Wind">Elektrischer Wind</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="John_David_Jackson_(Physiker)" title="John David Jackson (Physiker)">John David Jackson</a>: <i><a href="Classical_Electrodynamics" title="Classical Electrodynamics">Klassische Elektrodynamik</a>.</i> Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 1982, ISBN 3-11-009579-3.</li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Demtr%C3%B6der" title="Wolfgang Demtröder">Wolfgang Demtröder</a>: <i>Experimentalphysik. Bd. 2: Elektrizität und Optik.</i> Springer, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-540-20210-2.</li>
<li><a href="Wolfgang_Nolting_(Physiker)" title="Wolfgang Nolting (Physiker)">Wolfgang Nolting</a>: <i>Grundkurs Theoretische Physik.</i> Band 3, Springer 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-71251-0.</li>
<li>Hartmut Berndt: <i>Elektrostatik – Ursachen, Wirkungen, Schutzmaßnahmen, Messungen, Prüfungen, Normung.</i> VDE-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-8007-2173-2.</li>
<li>D. M. Taylor, P. E. Secker: <i>Industrial electrostatics – fundamentals and measurements.</i> Research Studies Press, Taunton 1994, ISBN 0-86380-158-7.</li>
<li>Jen-Shih Chang: <i>Handbook of electrostatic processes.</i> Dekker, New York 1995, ISBN 0-8247-9254-8.</li>
<li>Dreizler, Lüdde: <i>Theoretische Physik 2: Elektrodynamik und spezielle Relativitätstheorie</i> Springer, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-540-20200-5.</li>
<li>David J. Griffiths: <i>Introduction to Electrodynamics</i> Pearson 2008, ISBN 978-0-13-919960-8.</li>
<li>Günter Lüttgens, Sylvia Lüttgens, Wolfgang Schubert: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Static Electricity: Understanding, Controlling, Applying</cite>. Wiley, 2017, ISBN 978-3-527-80332-3 (englisch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEszDwAAQBAJ">google.com</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elektrostatik&rft.au=G%C3%BCnter+L%C3%BCttgens%2C+Sylvia+L%C3%BCttgens%2C+Wolfgang+Schubert&rft.btitle=Static+Electricity%3A+Understanding%2C+Controlling%2C+Applying&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783527803323&rft.pub=Wiley" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><span class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wiktionary"></span></span></span><b><a href="https://de.wiktionary.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" class="extiw external" title="wikt:Elektrostatik">Wiktionary: Elektrostatik</a></b> – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrostatics?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Elektrostatik</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Elektrostatik" class="extiw external" title="b:Elektrostatik">Wikibooks: Elektrostatik</a></b> – Lern- und Lehrmaterialien</div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikibooks"></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikibooks.org/wiki/Formelsammlung_Physik/_Elektrostatik" class="extiw external" title="b:Formelsammlung Physik/ Elektrostatik">Wikibooks: Formelsammlung Elektrostatik</a></b> – Lern- und Lehrmaterialien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leifiphysik.de/elektrizitaetslehre/ladungen-elektrisches-feld">Versuche und Aufgaben zur Elektrostatik</a> (<a href="LEIFIphysik" title="LEIFIphysik">LEIFI</a>)</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Simonyi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Simonyi_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Károly Simonyi: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kulturgeschichte der Physik</cite>. Harri Deutsch, Thun, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-8171-1379-X, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>320–330</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elektrostatik&rft.au=K%C3%A1roly+Simonyi&rft.btitle=Kulturgeschichte+der+Physik&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=381711379X&rft.pages=320-330&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pub=Harri+Deutsch%2C+Thun" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sang_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Peter Sang: <cite style="font-style:italic">Geschichte der Physik</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>. Klett, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-12-770230-2, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>48–56</span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Elektrostatik&rft.au=Hans-Peter+Sang&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Physik&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3127702302&rft.pages=48-56&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Klett&rft.volume=Band+1" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
</ol>
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Normdaten (Sachbegriff): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151975-9">4151975-9</a></span> </div>
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